These last years, the topic of negative campaigning, especially outside the US, has attracted growing attention in political science literature. One of typical question scholars have aimed to answer is to what extent the pattern and degree of competition between parties increases the use of...

During the next decades the populations of most developed countries will grow older as a result of the low level of birth rates since the 1970s and/or the continuously increasing life expectancy. We show within a Generational Accounting framework how unsustainable the public finances of France,...

The objectives guiding health care reforms in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands were to increase efficiency and consumer satisfaction in the provision of health care services. This paper sums up incentives and instruments of competition for consumers, sickness funds and health care...