Field experiments in which bogus pairs of transactors test for discrimination by applying for employment or housing, or by trading in product markets, have been widely-published during the last decade. However, no detailed justification has been provided for the deception involved. The general...

Barbara Bergmann has advocated direct observation of market behavior by economists. There is a history of such activity in the area of labor market discrimination, but that experimental work has mainly been conducted by non-economists. We have followed the lead of these researchers and conducted...

Sixty-seven field experiments of discrimination in markets conducted since 2000 across seventeen countries were surveyed. Significant and persistent discrimination was found on all bases in all markets. High levels of discrimination were recorded against ethnic groups, older workers, men...