The O-Ring theory provides a framework for analyzing the effects of team production on the emergence of firms in the New Economy. Given risk-aversion of the potential team members, the productive advantage of perfect ability matching in teams suffices to establish an equilibrium which separates...

This paper investigates the employment status of platform workers from an EU competition law perspective with a focus upon Wolt couriers. It argues that the employment status of platform workers in general is unclear. In their current state, the EU competition rules may constitute a barrier for...

This paper focuses on the right to collective bargaining of self-employed workers vis-à-vis antitrust law under a European and International perspective. It argues that the current approach of the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Commission to this question is at odds with...

The recent phenomena that the gig workers, franchisees and sellers using online shopping platform establish ‘unions’ to bargain collectively with their powerful counterparties give rise to questions as to how these organisations should be dealt under the competition laws. Although it is...

It has long been disputed in Europe under which conditions collective agreements on the re-muneration of copyright holders are compatible with the ban on anti-competitive agreements in Article 101 TFEU. Privileging certain copyright licensing agreements, the European Commis-sion’s 2022...

The Law on Economic Modernization of 4 August 2008 introduced a new form of individual entrepreneur, the auto-entrepreneur, the goal being to enhance the competitiveness of the French economy by promoting the entrepreneurial spirit. This paper proposes to discuss the auto-entrepreneur model with...