We separate downloads on the SEC EDGAR database into human and machine actions by the intensity of information retrieval (Ryans, 2017). The split shows that the extent of machine downloads has risen 35 times since 2004, accounting for over 96% of total downloads as of 2016. We formally...

Computer trading in financial markets is a rapidly developing field with a growing number of applications. Automated analysis of news and computation of market sentiment is a related applied research topic which impinges on the methods and models deployed in the former. In this chapter we have...

Automated trade execution systems are examined with respect to the degree to which they automate the price discovery process. Seven levels of automation of price discovery are identified, and 47 systems are classified according to these criteria. Systems operating at various levels of automation...