Equity options exchanges in the United States use one of two models to execute marketable orders: the maker-taker model or the payment for order flow (PFOF) model. Exchanges utilizing the maker-taker model charge liquidity demanders a taker fee to access their liquidity. Exchanges utilizing the...

Regulators, exchanges, and politicians are considering reining in maker-taker pricing, which is used as a competitive tool by trading venues to acquire order flow. Examining the 2013 reduction in trading fees operated by BATS on its European venues, we document significant effects on market...

We find that stock price crash risk is positively associated with lagged equity lending fee and fee risk. This positive relation is stronger for the stocks with a lower short interest level and higher information uncertainty. Our results are robust to using alternative measures of price crash...

The IRS has announced the imposition of a new PTIN (practitioner tax identification number) user fee. The proposed regulations require tax practitioners to pay $21 (plus a vendor fee) to obtain, or renew, their PTIN. This is a marked reduction from the previous (pre-suspension) $33 fee, which...

This paper studies the impact of expected issuance fees on market liquidity in the Euro-area government bond market. Investment banks have a dual role as primary dealer in the secondary market as well as competitor for lead manager in the primary market. Primary dealers have the incentive to...