Since the 1980s, industrial organizations have adopted practices such as Six Sigma to maintain and enhance competitiveness. It is expected that Six Sigma should work as a positive signal to convey quality expectations to both customers and investors. Financially speaking, Six-Sigma must be...

We examine the relationship between CEO ownership and stock market performance. Firms in which the CEO voluntarily holds a considerable share of outstanding stocks outperform the market by more than 10% p.a. after controlling for traditional risk factors. The effect is most pronounced in firms...