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causal inference and systematic sampling of stationary variables preserves the direction of causality. This paper examines … results. Quite contrary to the stationary case, this paper shows that systematic sampling of integrated series may induce … spurious causality. In particular, systematic sampling induces spurious bi-directional Granger causality among the variables if …
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We propose a new method to implement the Business Time Sampling (BTS) scheme for high-frequency financial data. We … estimates using our proposed sampling strategy provide smaller root mean-squared error. …
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The tensions between books and book markets as expressions of culture and books as products in profit-making businesses are analysed and insights from the theory of industrial organisation are given. Governments intervene in the market for books through laws concerning prices of books, grants...
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