If global warming is to stay below 2°C, there are four risks of assets stranding. First, substantial fossil fuel reserves will be stranded at the end of the fossil era. Second, this will be true for exploration capital too. Third, unanticipated changes in present or expected future climate...

We study whether climate risk will affect the stock returns of fossil fuel companies in international markets. Our results show that in the world market, a 1% increase in climate risk will increase the stock returns of fossil fuel companies by 85 BP to 121 BP. We also prove that this climate...