This study analyzed activism that leads to a merger or acquisition (M&A) of a firm to see its benefits for the shareholders at the target firm as well as its acquirer. It used over thirty years of data to understand the impact of the activists’ demands of strategic significance for the firms....

This paper analyzes a comprehensive data set of 160 non venture-backed, 79 venture-backed and 61 bridge financed companies going public at Germany´s Neuer Markt between March 1997 and March 2002. I examine whether these three types of issues differ with regard to issuer characteristics, balance...

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 in the U.S. expanded the capital markets so that entrepreneurs can appeal directly to non-traditional small crowd investors for investment funds. The final rules and forms of the JOBS Act became effective in May 16, 2016. Existing literature...

Angel investors invest billions of dollars in thousands of entrepreneurial projects annually, far more than the number of firms that obtain venture capital. Previous research has calculated realized internal rates of return on angel investments, but empirical estimates of expected returns have...

The aggregate amount of venture capital investments in non-publicly traded firms since 1980 is more than $390 billion. We test two economic hypotheses on the connection between venture capital investment and subsequent firm performance. We find that lagged VC investments scaled by industry...

This study uses an experimentally designed case study approach to investigate Swedish venture capital firms' valuation practices in two different economic contexts – the economic boom (bull market) of 1999 and the downturn (bear market) of 2002. A key finding in our study is that during...

We investigate whether access to information prior to an IPO generates a trading advantage after the IPO. We find that limited partners (LPs) of venture capital funds obtain high returns when they invest in newly listed stocks backed by their funds. These returns are not explained by LPs'...

The paper examines the performance of European VC backed firms operating in the life science and ICT industries at IPO and in the long run. Empirical evidence shows a lower underpricing for VC backed companies and lower volatility of returns in the first days and first weeks of trading,...

Previous research calculates realized internal rates of return on angel investments but does not estimate expected returns. We present the first estimates of expected returns on angel investments by applying a consistent statistical framework to a new data set. Our sample spans 1972 to 2007 with...