medium-term horizon. The economic effects of electricity shortages are also direct and indirect, but the temporal lag is … shorter than for oil disruptions. In this paper, we summarise the different ways an economy is affected by an oil shock or a … weak business and consumer confidence. The social costs of electricity shortages have immediate negative results, and …

medium-term horizon. The economic effects of electricity shortages are also direct and indirect, but the temporal lag is … shorter than for oil disruptions. In this paper, we summarise the different ways an economy is affected by an oil shock or a … weak business and consumer confidence. The social costs of electricity shortages have immediate negative results, and …

countries react to oil price shocks come from the source of the shock rather than by the group which the countries belong to …

world's three largest oil consumers. The main objective of this study is to see whether these economies are still reactive …