The shocks on a stochastic system can be defined by means of either distribution, or variable. We relate these approaches and provide the link between the global and local effects of both types of shocks. These methodologies are used to perform stress-tests on the portfolio of financial...

The basic assumption of a structural VARMA model (SVARMA) is that it is driven by a white noise whose components are uncorrelated (or independent) and are interpreted as economic shocks, called "structural" shocks. These models have to face two kinds of identification problems. The first...