Analyzing the neutrality of referees during twelve German premier league (1st Bundesliga) football seasons, this paper …, tend to favor the home team as they systematically award more injury time in close matches when the home team is behind …. Referees also tend to favor the home team in decisions to award goals and penalty kicks. The composition of the crowd affects …

by both female and male referees towards rewarding extra time in football. The exact score at the time of the decision … allows us to evaluate how much it favours the home team and hence pleases the crowd. Controlling for in-game information that … more towards social pressure and reward less excessive extra time when the home team needs the game to end to secure a win …