poverty are overestimates. The paper points to a number of reasons to question this claim. It is shown that, while the labor … the measurement assumptions. With only a modest allowance for leisure as a basic need, the effort-adjusted poverty rate in …

global poverty and inequality have declined dramatically between 1980 and 2019. Finally, we find that within …

-ordering introduced by S.R. Chakravarty (Keio Economic Studies 34 (1997), 17-32) for making welfare comparisons based on the absence of … deprivation. We show that the non-deprivation quasi-ordering obeys a weaker version of the principle of transfers: welfare … individuals and allocated to one arbitrary poorer individual. We identify the subclass of extended Gini social welfare functions …