Networks constrain the evolution of their parts. In living cells, any mutation in the metabolic network responsible for growth should not lead to a deterioration in the fitness of the organism in order for it to spread in the population, otherwise it will be selected against by evolution. And...

We investigate the stability of cooperative relationships between inventors and consequences for the characteristics and patent productivity of the respective regional innovation systems (RIS). The empirical analysis is for nine German regions over a period of 15 years. We find a rather high...