been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government …After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North … social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies …

, continued to strengthen family related subsidies and changed the pension formula in a way that will contribute to a more equal … taxation. On the other hand these reforms introduced nothing less than a deep paradigmatic change: a long run transition from a … mandatory PAYG to a three pillar system, where direct subsidies and tax allowances set up incentives to supplement PAYG pensions …