This paper provides an overview of different approaches to old age security and their societal outcome in three advanced welfare states: Denmark, Finland, and the United Kingdom. All three countries established a public first tier minimum pension, which was also pursued in the following. Reform...

Due to ageing, governments have put into place parametric pension reforms during the last two decades. Consequently pension systems have become extremely complicated. Whether statutory, occupational or personal all pension forms are remarkably difficult to understand in depth. Nonetheless this...

Demographic changes and social transformations affect the design of public pension systems. Population ageing and factors such as the progressive reduction in fertility rates and the increase in longevity have a direct impact on the sustainability of public pensions, especially in...