a standard-essential patent (SEP) which has given a commitment to license that SEP to any third party on fair …, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, should be able to enforce its patent rights thought the bringing of an … licensee alleged to be infringing the patent. This article analyses the questions that have been put to the Court of Justice …

patentability standards at PTOs (Patent and Trademark Offices awarding so-called bad patents), not only "false innovators" have the … chance of being granted patents but also, and more interestingly, "true innovators" are forced to patent more intensively … distortions caused by bad patents. Moreover, we show that introducing a two-tiered patent system is unlikely to improve market …