The matter of reciprocal loans, whereby a loan is tied to an equivalent (reciprocal) loan in terms of amount and period, raises many questions particularly from the shariah point of view. This necessiates looking into the existing contracts, whether by individuals or corporations, pertaing...

The reciprocal loan simply means that in return for a loan for a specific period, the lender receives an equivalent amount of loan for a similar period of time. Some contemporary scholars believe that reciprocal loans are legitimate, if they are not tied, that is if the lending of one loan does...

Prior studies show that creditors' simultaneous equity holding mitigates shareholder-creditor conflict. We show that a new type of conflict arises in syndicates with such dual holders, due to the heterogeneity across syndicate members' equity-to-loan positions. We find that loans with higher...