This study investigates manufacturer guarantor financing (MG) and third-party logistics (3PL) guarantor financing (LG) in a four-party supply chain game that features a manufacturer, a 3PL, a capital-constrained retailer, and a bank. The manufacturer or 3PL can act as the guarantor for the...

Multi-channel retailers face a crucial decision of whether to charge the same price online and offline. In a competitive environment with two multi-channel retailers, the pricing strategies are complicated by the heterogeneity of consumers and their cross-channel/cross-retailer purchasing...