We provide a framework for analyzing collective action in contentious contexts such as protests or revolutions when individuals are uncertain about the relative payoffs of the status quo and revolution. We model the "calculus of protest" of individuals who must decide whether to submit to the...

We analyze a broad class of binary-action, two-player, coordination games with uncertain payoffs. Players receive private signals about a stochastic payoff that they obtain whenever they both take the "stochastic-coordination action''. The game structure allows a player to exploit the...