Earning forecasts disclosed by financial analysts are known to be overly optimistic. Since an investor relies on their expertise, the question arises whether he would take analyst recommendations at face value or instead structure consultation with differently upward-biased analysts in a way...

I consider the problem faced by an issuer holding a portfolio of securities that can be sold to raise cash. The issuer has private information that affects the value of all of the securities held, and so faces a lemons problem in the market for the securities. On the other hand, the issuer bears...