In their pursuit of being elected, politicians might not provide their constituents with independent viewpoints, but …, "candor", can be sustained as equilibria. This means that the public's trust or distrust in politicians may be self …-fulfilling prophecies. Importantly, the more informed politicians are about public opinion, the more likely it is that populist behavior can …

have a down-up characteristic. We show that voters cannot motivate politicians to invest in down-up policies by their … macroeconomic developments. Finally, we comment on practical issues when such contracts are used in election races …

When reelection is uncertain, the election mechanism may provide insufficient incentives to politicians to implement …

unknown and party-identification cannot be used to distinguish them. This case often appears in election systems with either … experimental exit-poll of voters at local elections in two German states in 2014 in which respondents faced a hypothetical election … translates directly into a greater willingness to take part in the hypothetical election (“turnout”), especially for individuals …