Statistical data from the Independent Commission and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) indicate that Russia is the worst violator of anti-doping rules. Multivariate statistical models find evidence that Russia performed unexpectedly well at the London Games, that the cross-country pattern of...

Islam recommends its followers to protect the body, to enjoy full health and also prohibits them from endangering their own soul (an-Nafs) which is within their body. This study attempts to present the perspective of Islamic Shari‘ah regarding performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) used in sports....