In this study we model how certification affects managers' choice of the quality of the nonprofit organizations they … charitable good, one donor, and a certification agency. We assume that the nature of the charitable good does not allow for …

likelihood of certification. Second, fraud only arises when the fines for fraud are at intermediate levels and some CSR firms do … than in settings with honest marketing. Forth, the coexistence of fraud and certification induces differentiation price … premia below marginal production costs and certification price premia above marginal certification costs. Lastly, social …

assurance scheme (QAS) were decided as responses by fruit and vegetable producers to market conditions, separating certification … implementation of QMS and binary probit for the choice of QAS. It is found that the buyers' demand for certification and the efforts … can lead to the diffusion of certification. Because the absence of information provision and the controls exerted by …