This paper provides details on the sampling design, field results and nonresponse, as well as population adjustments for the 2018 Sample O of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Sample O refreshes the SOEPCore sample by adding the residents of households in neighborhoods that receive government...

While some scholars interpret the frequently documented association between age and the strength of party identification as evidence of accumulated political learning, others stress the importance of critical life stages. Germany's turbulent last century, with its suspensions of democratic...

Although left-right items are a standard tool of public opinion research, there is little agreement about the optimal response format. Two disputes can be identified in the literature: (1) whether to provide respondents with a small or large number of answer categories, and (2) whether or not to...