during the pandemic are shorter as child/teenagers, less educated, and more likely to have serious health problems, including … positive selection on health from high infant mortality rates during this period (18 percent), our findings suggest a strong …

health of individuals (as measured by the height of conscripts) and its disparities between individuals and regions in Italy …. In particular, to estimate the relationship between malaria exposure and height, I rely on the "fetal origins hypothesis …", that is I hypothesize that exposure to malaria in utero or during childhood has persistent effects on health. Periods under …

HDI calculation method nor the decomposition of the HDI into its education, standard of living and health sub-indices. …