introduction of the smallpox vaccine in Sweden to identify the causal effect of early-life mortality on fertility. Our analysis … shows that parishes in counties with higher levels of smallpox mortality prior to the introduction of vaccination … experienced greater declines in infant mortality afterwards. Exploiting this finding in an instrumental-variable approach reveals …

fetuses. This paper examines the impacts of this on girl relative to boy mortality rates after birth, using data from 1973 …-2005. The analysis finds a narrowing of the gender gap in under-5 mortality rates, in line with surviving girls being more … mechanisms finds a narrowing of gender gaps in parental investments in children, moderation of son-biased fertility stopping, and …