We highlight the loss-averse property of general investors and propose a new ranking criterion, conditional stochastic dominance (CSD), at the first two orders. We discuss the definitions and propositions. We also introduce an example to show that CSD provides intuitive ranking but not the...

This paper proposes an improved procedure for stochastic volatility model estimation with an application to Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) estimation. This improved procedure is composed of the following instrumental components: Fourier transform method for volatility...

Although economic processes and systems are in general simple in nature, the underlying dynamics are complicated and seldom understood. Recognizing this, in this paper we use a nonstationary-conditional Markov process model of observed aggregate data to learn about and recover causal influence...