Deterministic models, even if used repeatedly, will not capture the essence of planning in an uncertain world. Flexibility and robustness can only be properly valued in models that use stochastics explicitly, such as stochastic optimization models. However, it may also be very important to...

Service network design under uncertainty is fundamentally crucial for all freight transportation companies. The main challenge is to strike a balance between two conflicting objectives: low network setup costs and low expected operational costs. Together these have a significant impact on the...