We propose an attribution of collective causal responsibility in a stochastic nonlinear system to individual actors. To this end, we take an existing measure of collective causal responsibility from Vallentyne (2008) and Baumgärtner (2020), and adopt Shapley's (1953) fundamental concept of how...

Governments should embrace randomized trials to estimate the efficacy of different laws and regulations. Just as random assignment of treatments is the most powerful method of testing for the causal impact of pharmaceuticals, randomly assigning individuals or firms to different legal rules can...