In this paper we consider a competitive economy with flows of materials from extraction via recycling to landfilling … stimulates recycling as expected. But it also increases primary material extraction and - possibly - the total waste flow, and it … reduces the recycling ratio. …

Recycling of raw material can make a significant contribution to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Carbon pricing … can encourage material recycling by making it more competitive with waste incineration and primary material production … elastic, the supply of primary materials inelastic, and the emission intensity for recycling relatively high. In contrast …