reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

females who commit the same crime and have the same prior criminal record be sentenced equally. Using data obtained from the … decisions. We treat months in prison as a censored variable in order to account for the frequent outcome of no prison time …

This article considers the possibility of simultaneously reducing crime, prison sentences, and the tax burden of …

. Longer prison sentences further isolate offenders from the legitimate labor force and may promote the formation of criminal … networks in prison. On the other hand, greater initial punishment may have a deterrence effect on the individual being punished …, sometimes called “specific deterrence,” through learning or the rehabilitative effect of prison. We test the effect of prison …

prison. Rewarding good behavior reduces the state's cost of operating prisons. But rewarding good behavior also tends to …