and products have to be linked, standards become a critically important issue. At present, in Japan, Europe and the USA, 3 … de jure standards related to smart houses exist, ECHONET-Lite, KNX and SEP. In this paper, an analysis is made of the …

This paper shows that environmental, labour and other standards can be effective strategic policy instruments even when … they are strictly non-discriminatory. This is because standards can be set which the low cost producer optimally chooses … for policy to consider how much scope there should be for the imposition of unilaterally determined standards - which …