We show how Porter's five forces that shape competitive strategies can be linked directly to long term profitability of industries, as measured by the return on invested capital. As the five forces framework has become a staple approach to strategic analysis, playing a key role in both business...

As currently exemplified by the COVID-19 situation, there is a need to conduct strategic decision-making research through a process approach for crisis where threats, uncertainties, instabilities, pressures and virous negative environmental factors present or coming. The purpose of this research...