The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is supposed to translate strategy into action. Strategy Maps support this by showing cause-and-effect chains. But what does this mean for strategy execution in practice? To achieve better BSC implementations, I uncover pitfalls and name the remedies. I summarize the...

Proponents of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) emphasize that the BSC translates strategy into action, but that Strategy Maps are a crucial mean to sustainable change. This literature review investigates how Strategy Maps are linked to strategic and organizational change. We aim at a better...

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse how the inherent design of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) violates the controllability principle. The management control literature provides convincing examples of actors who breach controllability without intention. This discussion was extended by the...

Performance measurement systems (PMS) like the BSC are not strategy neutral. They embed empirical postulates of generic strategic actions (cause-and-effect relationships) driving successful business performance and make specific prescriptions for managerial action. This paper shows that the...