Aim/purpose - In the decades since their reintegration with the West, the small open economies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have seen their trade flows grow substantially. While the mix of trade partners has evolved over time, the region has been affected by various political and economic...

This study focuses on the empirical tests for the sustainability and solvency of fiscal policies in Algeria using a nonlinear model approach, based on quarterly data from 1963Q1 to 2017Q1 on the Algerian budget balance-GDP. Empirical evidence indicates that the adjustment behavior of the budget...

When in proxy-SVARs the covariance matrix of VAR disturbances is subject to exogenous, permanent, nonrecurring breaks that generate target impulse response functions (IRFs) that change across volatility regimes, even strong, exogenous external instruments can result in inconsistent estimates of...