-tech sectors. Therefore, the effect of subsidies on both R&D input and R&D output is compared between independent high-tech young … highest for independent high-tech firms. The indirect effect of subsidies on R&D output is evaluated within a patent …

test whether the policy design aiming at incentivizing (international) collaboration and R&D in SMEs achieves input as well … as output additionality. Our results show that the targeted public subsidies trigger R&D spending, especially so in … internationally collaborating SMEs. We further evaluate the different impact of privately financed and publicly-induced R&D investment …