We consider a make-to-order supply chain where a retailer sells a product for a manufacturer. There is a single selling season, during which the retailer receives customer orders and then sends the orders to the manufacturer for fulfillment. The manufacturer privately exerts effort to install...

R&D consortia, which coordinate R&D activities of their member firms, have been successful in many industries. We study a model with two competing supply chains each consisting of a manufacturer and a supplier. The manufacturers compete in the final product market, and can conduct R&D to reduce...