Problem definition: We investigate variations of the bullwhip effect of foreign subsidiaries and explore how it is affected by various features of foreign subsidiaries. Academic/practical relevance: During the era of global supply chain restructuring, researchers and executives of multinational...

In this study, we resolve a dilemma in the staffing policies of foreign subsidiaries in culturally distant countries---whether to deploy more expatriates from the home country or hire more local employees from the host country's local labor market. To this end, we adopt a novel approach by...

This paper studies whether imposing carbon costs changes the supply chain structure and social welfare. We explore the problem from a central policymaker's perspective who wants to maximize social welfare. We consider two stakeholders, retailers and consumers, who optimize their own objectives...