Financial stability is paramount to the proper functioning of open markets and is deeply affected by financial fragmentation. Both financial stability and financial fragmentation have unintended consequences on optimal currency areas. In this paper, we survey the original optimal currency areas...

1. Introduction -- 2. Economy and reality -- 3. Economic systems and enterprises -- 4. Corporate governance: shareholders, employees, stakeholders -- 5. Sustainability, ownership and the role of shareholders -- 6. Understanding money -- 7. Understanding the monetary system -- 8. Balance sheets...