Large chocolate manufacturers have committed themselves to only using certifiedcocoa beans and some governments want to …(VSSs) become quasi-mandatory for cocoa producers and grinders to ensure accessto these markets. Yet, their trade effects are … unclear. We study the effect of a VSSon raw and processed cocoa exports. We use a unique dataset that contains the …

-billion dollar markets and the world’s leading food and beverage companies, such as Mars, Mondelez, McDonalds, Unilever, and Nestle …

Due to various health issues connected to the use of pesticides, cleaner production is now necessary for the cocoa … sector. The health of people is negatively impacted by the residues left in cocoa beans through a variety of active pesticide … cocoa farmers were selected for this study using a multistage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics and the Cragg …

's cocoa sector. Our study is based on a rich dataset comprising representative household data from 814 smallholder cocoa …-producing households from five major cocoa regions and ecological data from 119 cocoa plots. Results from the endogenous switching … regression approach suggest that sustainability standards have positive effects on socioeconomic outcomes such as cocoa yield …