In order to address challenges resulting from interactions between transnational private sustainability standard organizations, initiatives emerge that meta-govern these standards. Contrary to prevailing understandings in public policy literature, such meta-governance initiatives are mostly run...

This study investigated the sustainability of global tourism in 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. Given the richness of the data-set, the data has been decomposed into 11 fundamental characteristics based on income levels, legal origins and openness to the sea. The empirical evidence...

Literature on private regulation recognizes the proliferation of competing regulatory organizations and approaches in various industries. Studies analyzing why fragmentation arises so far focus on single-case studies, the exploration of single variables, or variation in types of fragmentation....