This paper presents and applies different approaches to estimate returns to scale in multiple-input multiple-output technologies. Scale efficiency gives quantitative information of scale characteristics. A primal based approach to estimate the scale elasticity is proposed as an alternative to...

The purpose of this paper is to use the bootstrap resampling technique to calculate confidence intervals for efficiency measures and Malmquist productivity indices. The efficiency and productivity measures are obtained from non-parametric linear programming models using primal production data....