These last years, the topic of negative campaigning, especially outside the US, has attracted growing attention in political science literature. One of typical question scholars have aimed to answer is to what extent the pattern and degree of competition between parties increases the use of...

This paper presents a simple conceptual framework intended for describing individuals' subjective evaluations of occupational wage inequality and their demand for redistribution. Most importantly, the framework explicitly allows for the distinction between individuals' perceptions and their...