Turkey has recently reshaped its own institutional structure by establishing Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs). However, the political authority has not desired to delegate the political property rights to IRAs. Although IRAs is de jure established, the political conflicts occurring during...

Incentive regulation and regulatory benchmarking are becoming frequently used tools in tariff regulation of public utilities, including natural gas distribution companies. Firstly, we dealt with the principles of incentive regulation and total factor productivity measurement. Then, we discussed...

Turkey is a key country in order to realize the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) due to its geographical location. However, as the main transit country within the SGC, Turkey could potentially exert market power with gas transits. Whether Turkey exerts market power or not, is crucial for an economic...

Central and East European countries have expressed strong fears about Russian gas but did little to reduce dependence. However, recently some progress has been made in the diversification and increasing security of supply. The Russo–Ukrainian gas crisis in early 2009, together with the period...

The Russo–Ukrainian gas crisis of January 2009 encouraged Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) to diversify away from Russian gas supplies and new gas market conditions have afforded some opportunities for doing so. This paper assesses these achievements, as well as factors preventing CEE...

Even before, but especially in time of financial and economic crisis, countries are facing a challenge to improve the information served by public accounting for the state budgeting purpose, most often by reforming accounting principle from cash flow into accrual. The majority of literature...

The primary objective of this study is to investigate factors associated with the increase in demand for carbon auditing in China. Based on an analysis of publically available carbon-related information and data, this paper documents the large scale of carbon auditing occurring in the public...

This paper investigates the main determinants of income inequality in transition countries during the period 1990-2018. To this end, we address a major methodological challenge that lies at the core of the cross-country literature on income inequality: the potential endogeneity of income growth,...

The authors discuss how Indian government has adopted different economic policies and how it needs to adopt again the circular economic system. The authors suggest that Indian government should again adopt circular economic system. The authors discuss that India should now learn from CircE...