The proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) constitutes an objective measure of capital adequacy for individual banks and is one of the critical indicators of a country's economic efficiency. Beginning with the United States in the late 1980s, there has been a succession of non-performing loan...

This paper examines three critical episodes of Chinese spatial planning in the context of the country’s urbanization and modernization process from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. It focuses primarily on the significance of the diffusion and assimilation of borrowed...