This paper aims to provide a comparative overview and evaluation of various legal frameworks for electronic money and online payment matters by mainly evaluating and comparing U.S., EU and Turkish Law, occasionally making a comparative analysis in terms of conformity as to how EU countries...

The Convention on Cybercrime of the Council of Europe ("Convention") serves as a valuable guidance to many nations whose national legislative framework on cybercrimes require regulatory provisions on legal issues relating to cybercrimes. This article provides an overview of the Convention and...

The final destination and the ultimate goal that we put forth in our article is that the Turkish Competition Board should include innovation considerations in its merger control analyses by employing dynamic tools. Accordingly, we contend that the Turkish Competition Board should “set its...

Innovation can either be viewed by the competition authorities as a parameter that should be protected from the potential negative effects of a transaction, or it can be utilized by the merging parties as part of a defense argument to set off against or abate the anticompetitive concerns raised...

Over the years,for combatting cartels competition enforcement authorities have introduced and utilized various instruments, among which settlement procedure is an efficiency-enhancing instrument that is designed to increase effectiveness and which incentivizes and rewards tangible contributions...

Mergers may lead to certain competitive harms that are prohibited by virtually every merger control regime in the world. To avoid the outright prohibition of a transaction that is expected to both raise several competition concerns and create pro-competitive efficiencies, the transaction may be...

The concept of state aid and the question of whether it serves or distorts the healthy competitive environment within the markets has been a controversial issue amongst different jurisdictions. While there is a possibility for this kind of aid to distort the competition in the marketplace by...

Unlike other industries, significant changes in the airline industry have not mainly occurred due to technological changes, but rather as a result of developments in the applicable legal framework and various institutional reforms. As a consequence of the deregulation wave which dates back to...

With its more than a decade-long enforcement practice, Turkish competition law has undergone significant changes that could indicate a move towards converging with the European jurisdiction in many respects. In particular, the Turkish merger control regime has been introduced to a new...

Developed economies have historically been a model for emerging market economies, particularly in the development and enforcement of competition laws. Modifications to competition law rules in developed economies, however, may not always be practical for emerging market economies to adopt....