find much scope for improving the design of key labor market institutions-including collective bargaining and employment …Raising South Africa's low employment rate to levels seen in emerging market or advanced economy peers could raise GDP …

collective bargaining reduces employment growth by two to four percentage points per year. Evidence is, however, mostly related … between being covered by a sector-wide bargaining agreement or firm-level contract and employment growth of about one … percentage point per annum. However, the correlation between employment growth and collective bargaining is not robust to the use …

high number of poorly qualified long-term unemployed, skills mismatches and a high school drop-out rate, and insufficient …