companies in the medium and long term. The methodology used consists of calculating different profitability and productivity … at significantly low productivity levels and in conditions of technical inefficiency, due to both the inability of the …

and export intensity. We investigate theoretically and empirically how financial constraints affect a firm's innovation … and export activities, using unique firm survey data which provides direct measures for innovations and firm …-specific financial constraints. We find that financial constraints restraint heability of domestically owned firms to innovate and export …

types of efficiency indexes for the U.S. beer industry over the period 1950-1986. The results indicate that the beer … technical inefficiency than to scale inefficiency. Using the statistical approach, the beer industry is found to be less overall …