We conduct an empirical analysis of the technical efficiency of cars sold in Germany in 2010. The analysis is performed using traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) as well as directional distance functions (DDF). The approach of DDF allows incorporating the reduction of carbon dioxide...

This paper provides empirical evidence of changes in the productivities of manufacturing firms in Indonesia over time, in the form of total factor productivity (TFP), from 1990 to 2010 with and without considering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Employing cleaned and balanced panel datasets for...